TABLE OF CONTENTS

	Dedication
	Foreword	vii
	Introduction	1
Chapter 1	The "Record of the Rocks" [Part I]	3
	Biological Taxonomy and Human Evolution	4
	Did Man Evolve from the Apes?	10
	An Examination of the "Record of the Rocks"	12
	Aegyptopithecus zeuxis	18
	Dryopithecus africanus	18
	Ramapithecus brevirostris	20
	Orrorin tugenensis	26
	Australopithecus (Ardipithecus) ramidus	27
	Australopithecus anamensis	28
	Ardipithecus ramidus kadabba	29
	Kenyanthropus platyops	33
Chapter 2	The "Record of the Rocks" [Part II]	41
	Australopithecus afarensis	41
	Lucy's Rib Cage	46
	Lucy's Pelvis and Gender	47
	Lucy's Appendages-Made for Bi- pedalism, or Swinging from Trees?	50
	Australopithecine Teeth:	53
	More Evidence that Lucy was Arboreal	54
	Australopithecine Ears: Human-like or Ape-like?	55
	Lucy: Hominid or Chimp?
	Australopithecus africanus/ Australopithecus boisei	57
	The Laetoli Footprints	65
	Homo habilis/Homo rudolfensis	68
	Homo erectus/Homo ergaster	75
	Homo sapiens idaitu	80
	What Does the "Record of the Rocks" Really Show?	83
	The Parade of Fossil Errors	85
	Neanderthal Man	86
	Nebraska Man	88
	Piltdown Man	89
	Java Man	90
	Rhodesian Man	91
	Conclusion	92
Chapter 3	Molecular Evidence of Human Origins	99
	Chromosomal Counts	103
	Real Genomic differences	105
	"Mitochondrial Eve"	111
	The Demise of Mitochondrial Eve	116
	The Molecular Clock -Dating Mitochondrial Ancestors	121
	Serious Errors in Mitochondrial DNA Data in the Scientific Literature	126
	Neanderthal vs. Human DNA- Is It a Match?	128
Chapter 4	The Problem of Gender and Sexual Reproduction	135
	"Intellectual Mischief and Confusion"- Or Intelligent Design?	138
	From Asexual to Sexual Reproduction- The Origin of Sex	142
	The Lottery Principle	143
	The Tangled Bank Hypothesis	145
	The Red Queen Hypothesis	147
	The DNA Repair Hypothesis	148
	Why Sex?	151
	The 50% Disadvantage	159
	Mars and Venus, or X and Y?	163
	Differences Among Various Species	164
	Differences in Animal and Human Sexuality	167
	The Complexity of the Human Reproductive System	170
	Anatomical Differences Between Human Males and Females	173
	Cellular Differences Between Human Males and Females	175
	The Future of Human Reproduction	178
Chapter 5	The Problem of Language	183
	Evolutionary Theories on the Origin of Speech	184
	Adam-The First Human to Talk and Communicate	186
	Tower of Babel-and The Universal Language	188
	The Brain's Language Centers-Created by God	189
	Anatomy of Speech	192
	Birds of a Feather-Or Naked Ape?	194
	Complexity of Language-Uniquely Human	202
	Conclusion	205
Chapter 6	The Problem of the Brain	209
	Introduction	209
	History of the Brain	212
	The Evolution of the Brain	215
	Growing Neurons	237
	The Brain Versus a Computer	241
	Twelve Cranial Nerves	242
	Conclusion	244
Chapter 7	The Evolution of Consciousness [Part I]	247
	The Origin of Life	248
	The Origin of the Genetic Code	251
	The Origin of Sex	252
	The Origin of Language and Speech	253
	The Origin of Consciousness- "The Greatest of Miracles"	253
	Importance of Human Consciousness	253
	"Mystery" of Human Consciousness	256
	Consciousness in General	257
	Consciousness and the Brain	259
	Consciousness and the Mind	260
	Consciousness Defined	262
	Why-and How-Did Consciousness Arise?	271
	Why Did Consciousness Arise?	272
	Why Do We Need Consciousness?	276
	How Did Consciousness Arise?	286
	Evolutionary Bias and the Origin of Human Consciousness	296
	What Does All of This have to do with the Origin of Human Consciousness?	301
	Radical Materialism-A "Fishy" Theory	306
	Do Animals Possess Consciousness?	313
	The Brain, the Mind, and Human Consciousness	328
	Materialism, Supernaturalism, and the Brain/Mind Connection	330
	The Concept of Mind	333
Chapter 8	The Evolution of Consciousness [Part II]	347
	Theories of the Origin of Human Consciousness	347
	The "Hard Problem" of Human Consciousness	350
	"Failure is not an Option"	352
	Theories of Human Consciousness	353
	Dualism	354
	Monism	361
	Psychical Monism	363
	Radical Materialism (Functionalism)	364
	Panpsychism	373
	Epiphenomenalism	375
	Identity Theory	382
	Nonreductive Materialism/ Emergent Materialism	387
	Dualist Interactionism	393
	Conclusion	419
Chapter 9	The Problem of Skin Color and Blood Types	429
	What is a "Race"?	435
	Why So Many Racial Characteristics?	439
	The Origin of Man's "Colors"	443
	Other Factors	448
	Differences Between Human and Animal Blood Types	453
	Components of Human Blood	454
	Different Blood Types	457
	The Adam and Eve Issue	458
	Humans, Animals, and Blood	459
	What about Blood Types of Other Animals?	459
	What about Hibernation?	460
	What about Birds?	461
	What about Fish?	461
	Conclusion	461
Chapter 10	Conclusion	463
	References	467
	Subject Index	507
	Name Index	513